Families within great expectations Essay

The Gargerys can be described as a dysfunctional, sometimes brutal, family although there is some love as well. The violence at the heart of the family derives from Mrs Joe. She is resentful that she has had to take on the burden of her sister’s orphaned son, Pip.  Mrs Joe is the dominant member of the family – unusually for Victorian times. She isn’t afraid of asserting her dominance by beating Pip, and, indeed, Joe either – all the more surprising since he is the local blacksmith. (This adds some humour to the book.) The discipline is fearsome, abusive, random and excessive. She may enjoy punishing Pip and ‘gets the Tickler’ at every opportunity. Pip’s relationship with Mrs. Joe clearly isn’t ideal. Pip depends greatly on his however. Pip is an orphan, and would quite probably be homeless if it wasn’t for her. Pip knows this and that’s why he has put up with his mistreatment/victimisation, timidly†¦ Pip tries to make the best of their relationship, but Mrs. Joe Gargery is too domineering, a fact respected by Pumblechook. She constantly says that she bought Pip by hand, degrading Pip in the process. There is, however, love in the family too – though it passes strictly between Joe and Pip. Joe comforts Pip, warns him when ‘Tickler’ is about, slips him food when Mrs Joe has forbidden it. There is shelter and a sense of correction can be gained as well. However, like every other ‘family’, there are uses of discipline evident.  Pip’s relationship with Joe is a complete contrast. Joe respects Pip and vice versa. He is proud of Pip for he declares Pip is a scholar after Pip successfully wrote and read a letter. During the beginning of the novel Pip idolises Joe however once Pip has achieved Gentleman-hood he becomes ashamed of Joe. This shown by his apprehension when Joe comes to visit him in London. He also deceives him as to his reasons for failing to call on Joe and Biddy on his visits to Satis house. (We feel that Pip is unfair here, however his love for Magwitch makes up for it.) In contrast Joe stays faithful to Pip, and helps Pip recover after he has fallen ill. This touches Pip. It helps him become less snobbish and more mature. Joe’s simplicity and honesty makes him the real gentleman in our and later in Pip’s eyes. The other relationship in this grouping is that of Joe and Mrs. Joe. Mrs. Joe depends of Joe financially, however Joe’s need or even love of Mrs. Joe isn’t shown. Yet he mourns her passing. Joe’s simplicity and honesty are weaknesses in their relationship. In this relationship however, Mrs. Joe doesn’t brutally punish Joe, perhaps because she’s subtly afraid of him fighting back. A normal couple wouldn’t be in this type of predicament. It also helps our sympathy being lost towards Joe instead of Pip.  The narrator (the older Pip) is very unemotional about the whole ordeal. He seems to understate the actions of the group and is somewhat detached. This implies that he is trying to hide the misery he had in his earlier years. Dickens also uses humour to try and deny the pain he suffered. â€Å"I often served her as a connubial missile† – Mrs. Joe enters the room and throws Pip across the room at Joe. It also understates the pain in a sense.  Halfway through Chapter 2 Dickens uses some more understatement.  Mrs. Havisham and Estella are a mysterious pair of characters. During the beginning of the novel they are portrayed as evil. They raise Pip’s expectations to an unrealistic level. Knowing that he should fail and have more misery.  Miss. Havisham can perhaps be described as cold, ruthless, manipulative and masochistic. She wants take revenge on all men for the wrongs that was done to her by one man. She sits in the clothes she should had worn for her wedding and is surrounded by decaying things a darkened solemn room. She uses Estella cruelly as a porn to exact her revenge. She fails to forget the past and seems to constantly remind herself of the pain she apparently endured.  Early on in the play she delights in the way Estella torments Pip and likes to keep her relatives guessing as to whom she will leave her money once she dies. She continues with her plan to use Estella as an instrument of revenge on the entire male sex until later in the novel she comes to realise she has created a monster. She accuses Estella of being hard and ungrateful but Estella says she cannot give love as she wasn’t given any herself. She tries to undo some of harm she has done by helping Pip with his plan for Herbert and she leaves her cousin Matthew a legacy of Pip’s recommendation. She dies distraught with guilt for what she has done for Pip and Estella. Estella can be best described as beautiful but heartless.  In the first stage of the novel, she is a beautiful young girl. She has been brought up as a young lady, but uses her education to talk down to Pip and make him feel inferior. Estella is cruel to Pip yet loyal to Miss Havisham. She is bitter and twisted due to the strange upbringing she has received by Miss. Havisham. Estella does not fully realise that she is being used by the old woman and that she is, herself, little more than an agent for Miss Havisham revenge. Estella has been educated as an accomplished and sophisticated young lady. She warns Pip time and time again that she has no heart and can never love anyone. She tells Pip that he is only one to be so warned and that she fools of the other men. She seems to become tired of this way of life and is almost self-destructive in her determination to marry such a brutal and ill-mannered man as Bently Drummle. Even Mrs. Havisham tries to persuade her. At the end of the Novell, she is a widow and has little property left. Her hard experiences seemed to have softened her, and she implies that she regrets having rejected Pip’s love for her. She is contrite and humble as she confesses that she realises what she threw away when she rejected Pip’s love. She feels that the best she can hope for is that they can be friends. She is too humble to expect more.   As a whole the two are merely colleagues at the beginning to novel. The young Estella is manipulated and mesmerised, yet she is too young to realise, and continues with her life as is was before. However the end of the novel the older Estella shows her real feelings about Miss. Havisham in an emotional scene. The one who Miss. Havisham has brought up to destroy men’s hearts has now destroyed the remains of hers. Miss. Havisham unsuccessfully uses Estella as her proxy and then becomes guilty. This leads to her painful (as if revenge was enacted on her) demise.  The location of this grouping in inside ‘Satis House’. ‘Satis’ meaning ‘enough’ in Latin. This is ironic as Miss. Havisham clearly doesn’t have enough, she isn’t satisfied. There is something missing in Miss. Havisham’s life, marriage. It was shameful for a woman to not be married the Victorian era. This explains Miss. Havisham’s unwillingness to venture out of the house.  If Satis House was to equate to Miss. Havisham, then it can be described as a prison. It stunts Estella’s growth. Estella is trapped inside of Miss. Havisham. She becomes Miss. Havisham.

Implementations of Customer Relationship Management or Enterprise Resource Planning in a Company Free Essay Example, 2500 words

HNG may come up with a new software product that they may decide to make an open source. The company gains knowledge and expertise from experts and specialists located anywhere around the world for no fee. Such a change in the company helps the business to cut the costs associated with hiring consultants on a vast variety of issues. The horizontal integration of retailers, suppliers and customers is the next shift that will affect the business processes of HNG. Supply chaining, as it is known, enables faster and accountable movement of supply amongst the stakeholders in the supply chain. As the company widens its territorial market, the supply chain also grows. Global standards of managing a successful global supply chain require that the company adopt this process as a method of reducing the frequent frictions between retailers, suppliers and customers (James, 2007). The advancement in technology affects the operations of businesses globally. The combination of these developments c reates a level global market place. Therefore, the progress will oblige HNG to adopt new skills, habits and processes that enable them to maintain an advantage and compete in the global market. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementations of Customer Relationship Management or Enterprise Resource Planning in a Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Fight Against Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples

The Fight Against Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples It is essential that cost is minimized in any way fronts. It is recommended to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical rates. A surprising amount of people retain from childhood the concept that there's a fixed quantity of wealth on the planet. Maintaining competitive benefit is vital to many businesses or organizations' success as a way to survive in the marketplace. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples Don't forget your teacher would be happier if you wrote an excellent paper no matter the sum of paragraphs it contains. In the introduction portion of the essay you should mention whether you agree or disagree. Ideally, it must be written at the previous sentence of your very first paragraph (introduction). Following that, you can proceed to compose a brief background information regarding the movie or book. What will have to be included in your essay will differ based on your level. In the event you're intimidated with critical essays, all you need to do is to ask your instructor with respect to guidelines and formatting. Before you commence writing your essay, you always ought to spend 1-2 minutes on producing tips for your answer. Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples for Dummies Lots of people are also dependent upon computer games. Using cars to commute has decreased the ordinary health of car users because they do not will need to do any physical movement. Perhaps the largest benefit is that people may work flexible hours. Firstly, it usually means that people have the chance to see different areas of the world and how people live. The Downside Risk of Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples Indeed, one ought to never underestimate the part of advanced planning when writing a college essay. Critical essays permit you to use your critical thinking abilities. Very good questionnaires are tough to construct. Introducing Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples Again you must write down the benefits and drawbacks of having a vehicle. Be balanced ad make certain the benefits and disadvantages are comparable in strength. If you previously don't forget the advantages and pitfalls discussed, decide on the best ones and add on any new and intriguing ones which you encounter in your research. If you're asked What are the pros and cons of. Exercise may also increase power and increase your threshold for pain. Deciding upon the most suitable topic is critical because the more clear the topic is, the simpler it is going to be to pinpoint the benefits and disadvantages related to it. Advantages and disadvantages are given below. Advantage Disadvantage Essay Samples at a Glance Downloading games or merely surfing the celebrity websites are a number of the uses people have discovered. The net also enables people from various cultures and background to attach with one another. Firstly, it can let a person to communicate with people in virtually any parts of the world through the internet or e-mail, without having to leave his room. Today it allows people to make statements about things happening on the other side of the world, but based only on what they have seen on the screen. The main advantage of mass media is that it may be put to use as a tool for preaching reconciliation through reconciliation programs which reach a large number of people and thus powerful. One of the disadvantage is that images and messages spread via the mass media are limited to a given viewpoint. It is quite easy to educate from others in social networking. Most importantly, mass media plays a critical part in cultural diversity by developing a cosmopolitan atmosphere.

Femininity in Eighteenth-Century England Essay - 1667 Words

Concepts of femininity in eighteenth-century England guided many young women, forging their paths for a supposed happy future. However, these set concepts and resulting ideas of happiness were not universal and did not pertain to every English woman, as seen in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. The novel follows the Bennet sisters on their quest for marriage, with much of it focusing on the two oldest sisters, Jane and Elizabeth. By the end, three women – Jane, Elizabeth, and Elizabeth’s friend, Charlotte Lucas – are married. However, these three women differ greatly in their following of feminine concepts, as well as their attitude towards marriage. Austen foils Jane, Charlotte, and Elizabeth’s personas and their pursuits of†¦show more content†¦One of the most important traits a woman could have was modesty, as it was also a symbol of her chastity. Tague states that nothing could be so graceful and becoming as modesty in wom en, that it was their â€Å"brightest and most valuble ornament† (Tague 34). A model eighteenth-century Englishwoman would have a â€Å"modest reserve, that retiring delicacy, which avoids the public eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Gregory 405). Once again, Jane acts accordingly. Though she is known as the fairest of the Bennet sisters, Jane does not flaunt her beauty or throw herself into the public eye for attention like her flirtatious younger sister, Lydia. For Jane, abiding by the concepts of femininity is part of her identity. Her actions and words are sincere and honest, as if being a proper lady was just being her natural self. Therefore, her happiness would be also fulfilled if she achieved happiness by society’s standards. For being such a soft-spoken, lovely woman, Jane Bennet follows the concepts of eighteenth-century femininity and is most like the ideal eighteenth-century English woman. Not only does her character follow rules, but Jane’s marriage to Mr.Bingley also shows obedience to the perceptions of femininity in her time. Jane’s choice of a husband is as much of a perfect gentleman as she is a perfect lady; he is â€Å"what a young man ought to be†¦sensitive, good-humoured, [and] lively†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Austen 53). However, following the rules too closely hurt Jane’s prospects. Her intenseShow MoreRelatedWomen s First Wave Of Feminism Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthey were established. Starting with the late eighteenth century, which marks the transition from pre-industrialization to the emergence of economic development in Europe, and then closely following with the American Industrial Revolution. 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Introduction to National Health Service

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to National Health Service. Answer: Introduction Healthcare services are vital in every nation. The development of NHS with the aim to improve the health care outcomes has enhanced the quality of care services for the patient largely. It radically changed the dissemination of the information related to the patients health care (Waterson 2014). The paper is an information booklet, which concerns the National Health Service (NHS) guide and intends to provide insight into its history and status. The paper provides the details of NHS objectives and explains its role and structure. It describes the structure and role of the Department of Work and Pension (DWP) and highlights the structure and role within the hospital as well as the responsibilities of the key hospital personnel. The structure and role within a general practice will be discussed and describe the role played by the three personnel within general practise. Further, the author will discuss the aim and vision of the NHS and information on the current issues related to the NHS. The development of the National Health Service (NHS) NHS was launched in the year 1948 and is currently known to be the worlds largest health service that is publicly funded (Reynolds and McKee 2012). It was born to make healthcare services free for everyone depending upon the citizenship. This service came into effect after the release of The Beveridge report in the year 1942 named as Social Insurance and Allied services. It was during the period of World War II, that William Beveridge composed this report. The aim of the report was to end the Five Giants these are Disease, Want, Ignorance, Idleness and squalor (Waterson 2014). The development of NHS is evident in increase of its budget 10 times more than what it was in 1948 ( 437 million). In todays value it can be say 9 billion. NHS received 10 fold higher amount than this in the year 2008-2009 (Ocloo and Fulop 2012). The biggest part of the NHS is in England, which serves around population of 51 million and has employed more than 1.3 million people. NHS is financed by central taxation system by which government receives tax revenues to purchase health services for the population. However, these services are separately managed in Wales, Scotland and England (England, N.H.S. and Care Quality Commission, 2014). Structure and role of NHS Originally the structure of the NHS was called as the Tripartie System which contains the three parts, which are- primary care, hospital services, and community services (Choices, N.H.S. 2013). These services are provided by the same doctors and the same hospitals. NHS has a hierarchical system. Major structural changes occurred after the Health and Social Care Act, 2013. Figure: new structure of NHS (Source: Hjortdahl et al. 2014) The Secretary of State for Health takes entire responsibility of the department of health. The later provides strategic leadership in England for NHS, public health and Social care. NHS England plays a role by setting priorities and goals for NHS. It is the commissioner for the services of GPs, dentists, pharmacists and manages the overall budget. On the other hand the Clinical Commissioning Groups plans and commissions the health care services for the local area. The secondary care services include rehabilitive care and emergency care. The health and well being boards works to strengthen relationship between social care and health. The public health England supports local public health based on evidence (Hjortdahl et al. 2014). Structure and role of DWP in relation to health and social care DWP is a welfare system that effectively assists and guides people to gain financial independence by employment. DWP is known to be responsible for pensions, welfare, and child maintenance policy. This system is fair and affordable and it improves and increases the life chances of children. It is the UKs biggest department related to public service. It administers the State Pension as well as disability and ill health benefits to over 20 million customers (Hughes and Stewart 2013). Ten agencies and other public bodies anchor this ministerial department. This department consists of the two executive agencies, which are: The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service. The public bodies of the department are as follow: ThePensions Regulator TheHealth and Safety Executive ThePensions Ombudsman (Nakatudde et al. 2014) The Pension Service and the Disability and Carers Service along with the job centres operate under the network of contact centres, benefit processing centres and 1,000 Jobcentres, across the UK (Hughes and Stewart 2013). The secretary of state for work and pensions undertakes responsibility related to benefit entitlement in delegation with decision makers. The Ministry of justice runs the appeal system with help of tribunal services. The HM revenue and Customs makes decision related to child benefit, tax credits and guardians allowance. The decision makers make decision related to social fund (Nakatudde et al. 2014). According to Hughes and Stewart (2013), DWP deals with poverty issues. It encourages people with disability to work and be independent. It provides the people of pension age with decent income and promotes their retirement savings. Its role is to reduce error and fraud by giving value for money. Its role is to reduce work place injuries and death via Health and safety executive. The pension services is dedicated towards current and future pensioners and it administers the winter fuel payments, pension credit, (Waterson 2014). The Disability and Carers service offers benefits such as: Attendance Allowance Carers Allowance Vaccine Damage Payment Disability Living Allowance Personal Independence Payment (Hughes and Stewart 2013) DWPrequires the Healthcare Professionals to provide clinical information in case it is difficult to make a decision regarding the award of benefit.DWP canobtain this information by sending form BI205 (to GPs) or BI127A (to hospitals). The structure within the Hospital The Secretary of State for Health takes entire responsibility of the department of health. The later provides strategic leadership in England for NHS, public health and Social care. NHS England plays a role by setting priorities and goals for NHS. It is the commissioner for the services of GPs, dentists, pharmacists and manages the overall budget. On the other hand the Clinical Commissioning Groups plans and commissions the health care services for the local area. The secondary care services include rehabilitive care and emergency care. The health and well being boards works to strengthen relationship between social care and health. The public health England supports local public health based on evidence (Hjortdahl et al. 2014). Role of key hospital personnel The human resource staffs handle the employment issues of medical and non-medical staff. They can recruit or fire employees and make new laws. The hospital managers perform activities such as data centered activities, bringing improvement in culture, promoting quality care, developing measures for quality improvement and mandate policy systems. General practitioners treat common medical conditions. They refer patients to clinics and medical services for emergency and special treatment. They focus on patients health considering the social, physical, and psychological aspects of care. Nurses provide care to the patients by timely administration of medicines and emergency services in absence of the GP (Ocloo and Fulop 2012). The structure within a General Practice The changes focused to have the GPs control on most of the budget of NHS. The government accepted the proposal and created the clinical commissioning groups which consists of General Practioners (GP), nurses and doctors (Canivet et al. 2013). If this proposal is accepted then the doctors will be able to purchase care from providers including the private companies and willing voluntary groups. According to Bellamy et al. (2014) the government believes that this plan would favour the NHS to overcome challenges such as a growing elderly population. The NHS services were developed to meet the patients needs by effective delivery of the health care services. These services includes varying responsibilities including assessment of population needs To prioritise the health outcomes Procurement of products and services Service providers management (Higgins et al. 2014) The role played by NHS includes addressing the local health issues by patient concordance and providing treatment as per the standards of NICE commissioning boards to meet the health targets (England, N.H.S. and Care Quality Commission, 2014). NHS provides patient centered care and engages patients in decision making. NHS is playing an effective role by providing the patients with additional options and giving them control over the services and information. NHS tries to be in the best interest of the client. Without the patient consent, the NHS does not make any decision. Role of three personnel within general practise General practitioners treat common medical conditions. They refer patients to clinics and medical services for emergency and special treatment. They focus on patients health considering the social, physical, and psychological aspects of care (de Bono 2014). GPs are primary care doctors who firstly contact NHS for their community people. They help patients by identifying and addressing the early stage problems that may be cancer, infectious disease. They treat conditions such as hypertension, asthma, diabetes, and psychiatric illness. Intervention process includes prescribing medication, one-to-one sessions, protecting vulnerable children, carrying out audits to improve the health outcomes (Choices, N.H.S. 2013). Nurses provide care to the patients by timely administration of medicines and emergency services in absence of the GP (). The policy regulators regulate the existing policies and make new policies if required. The current aims and vision of the NHS Lord Darzi has proposed the modernisation of the NHS services. The vision of NHS is provision of quality of care rather than quantity of care. It aims to provide patient centered care. The NHS outcome framework addresses the treatment effectiveness, patient safety and experience (Loveday et al. 2014). NHS has currently predesigned its services to improve the health outcomes and expects to fit the patients in these services instead of adjusting the services according to the patients. Currently, it is planning to remodel the management layers and improve its clinical staff. In future, it will be accountable for every evidence-based outcome measures but not the process targets. The NHS commissioning board will be responsible to eliminate any inequalities in the health outcomes (Higgins et al., 2014). NHS plans to establish GP consortia as well as transfer of responsibilities from the Primary care trusts. Therefore, providing GPs with more to prioritise the health issues and accordingly allocate the funds within the population. This ensures efficient utilisation of the taxpayers money. The new system of NHS requires the providers to manage the data related to healthcare with contractual obligations (Hjortdahl et al. 2014). Currently, it aims to provide education and training for medical professionals to positively influence their work performance and enhance knowledge. According to (Ocloo and Fulop (2012) the NHS pay and staffing is subjected to the health employers. Presently, it also aims to make the system decentralised, which appears to be difficult as the ministers make the decisions related to staffing and affordability. Current issues related to the NHS According to Sunderland et al. (2013) NHS has achieved poor health outcomes in the areas of respiratory difficulties, cancer, cardiovascular diseases. The NHS system of providing the incentives based on the number of patients registered has restricted the population in rural areas from GP surgeries due to insufficient money. In addition, the consideration of prices and payments are on the basis of high quality and efficient services. It is also dependent on the treatment of the local population. Hence, the population with healthy and rich life style may exhibit better outcomes with little intervention from GP whereas; the deprived communities with excess health issues may show poor health outcomes. As per the new system of Equity and Excellence, patients are allowed to choose a consultant according to their medical condition. It in turn makes difficult for the GP while deciding for any particular treatment process for the patient. Moreover, the chosen GP might charge higher than preferred by other GP thus, leading to the overspending of the budget. Additionally, if too many patients choose particular GP, it will increase the waiting time affecting the health care outcomes. There are agreement issues between Monitor system and GP once the patient decision is considered. The other disadvantage includes the long waiting time for non-emergency services such as dental services, ambulance services etc. as well as increased cost modernised treatment facilities and technology (Reynolds and McKee 2012). The GPs are given the responsibility of co-ordinating patient care, which consumes extra time in negotiating with the other care providers for patient referrals. This financial negotiation hampers the primary responsibility of treating patients of care providers (Waterson 2014). References Banks, J., Blundell, R. and Emmerson, C., 2015. Disability benefit receipt and reform: reconciling trends in the United Kingdom.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(2), pp.173-190. Bellamy, J., Paleologos, Z., Kemp, B., Carter, S. and King, S., 2014.Caring into Old Age: The wellbeing and support needs of parent carers of people with disabilities. Anglicare Diocese of Sydney, Social Policy and Research Unit, Sydney. Canivet, C., Choi, B., Karasek, R., Moghaddassi, M., Staland-Nyman, C. and stergren, P.O., 2013. Can high psychological job demands, low decision latitude, and high job strain predict disability pensions? A 12-year follow-up of middle-aged Swedish workers.International archives of occupational and environmental health,86(3), pp.307-319. Choices, N.H.S., 2013. The NHS in England.NHS choices website. Available at: www. nhs. uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview. aspx (accessed on 20 May 2013). de Bono, A.M., 2014. The implications of the Francis report for occupational health in the NHS.Occupational Medicine,64(7), pp.478-480. England, N.H.S. and Care Quality Commission, 2014. NHS five year forward view.London: NHS England, pp.16-16. Higgins, A., Porter, S. and O'Halloran, P., 2014. General practitioners' management of the long-term sick role.Social Science Medicine,107, pp.52-60. Hjortdahl, M., Zakariassen, E. and Wisborg, T., 2014. The role of general practitioners in the pre hospital setting, as experienced by emergency medicine technicians: a qualitative study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine,22(1), p.1. Hughes, G. and Stewart, J. eds., 2013.The role of the state in pension provision: employer, regulator, provider. Springer Science Business Media. Loveday, H.P., Wilson, J., Pratt, R.J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. and Wilcox, M., 2014. epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England.Journal of Hospital Infection,86, pp.S1-S70. Nakatudde, R., Ige, T., Ibn Seddik, A. and El-Shahat, K., 2014. THE ROLE OF HEALTH MANAGERS IN PROMOTING MEDICAL PHYSICISTS IN AFRICA.MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL,2(1), p.27. Ocloo, J.E. and Fulop, N.J., 2012. Developing a criticalapproach to patient and public involvement in patient safety in the NHS: learning lessons from other parts of the public sector?.Health Expectations,15(4), pp.424-432. Pickard, L., King, D., Brimblecombe, N. and Knapp, M., 2015. The effectiveness of paid services in supporting unpaid carers employment in England.Journal of social policy,44(03), pp.567-590. Reynolds, L. and McKee, M., 2012. Opening the oyster: the 201011 NHS reforms in England.Clinical medicine,12(2), pp.128-132. Sunderland, M., Newby, J.M. and Andrews, G., 2013. Health anxiety in Australia: prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use.The British Journal of Psychiatry,202(1), pp.56-61. Waterson, P., 2014. Health information technology and sociotechnical systems: A progress report on recent developments within the UK National Health Service (NHS).Applied Ergonomics,45(2), pp.150-161.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, By Samuel Clemens, Also Known As M

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Samuel Clemens, also known as Mark Twain, is probably one of the greatest works of American literature ever written. Ernest Hemingway even said in his book The Green Hills of Africa, "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn" (Zwick). However, since Twain published Huck Finn 112 years ago, it has been the subject of much criticism, mostly all unfair. The Concord, Ma, banned the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Public Library immediately after its publication in 1885. They said the book was "rough, course, and inelegant...The whole book suited more to the slums than to intelligent respectable people" (as quoted in Clemens 285). Since the original banning of Huck Finn, it has been challenged and banned many times all over the country. Much question has been brought against Huck Finn as to its appropriateness for the reading public, and some of it rightfully so. Huck is not as strong in his morals as our parents and educators would probably like him to be. He is involved in several acts of theft. For example, shortly after the beginning of his journey along the river, he would go ashore and he "lifted a chicken that warn't roosting comfortable..." (Clemens 56). Huck smokes and cuts school. (Clemens 9 and 18) He engages in lying, when he impersonates a girl to visit St. Petersburg and when he tells the bounty hunters that Jim is white and implies that he has smallpox (Clemens 51 and 75). He lies many other times throughout the novel; Huck is a bad example to children who may read this book. Huck's plan to escape from Pap's cabin in the woods, which involves smearing pig's blood all over the cabin and making it seem like a murder had occurred, is an easy scheme for any smart youth to scare his parents with (Clemens 3 1). In October of 1997, a ninth grader in Hollister, California "borrowed" money from his parents and used it to fly to Hawaii. His mother believed that the boy got the idea from his hero, Tom Sawyer (Zwick). Critics claim that the book is full of ideas that cause impressionable children to do things like that (Ockerbloom). Opponents still have more negative arguments about the content of the book. Leslie Fielder, a literary scholar, believes that Huck and Jim engage in some type of homosexual relationship on the raft (Fielder as quoted in Clemens 416). The fact that Huck and Jim seldom wore any clothes on the raft only further substantiates this idea. Additionally, Twain intended Huck Finn to be a humorous novel. However, most of the humor, especially towards the end of the book in the Wilks brothers con, is in poor taste and "inelegant" Boston Transcript. Twain's poking fun at the Hare-lip, and the "long legged under taker" episode were not looked favorably upon at time of publica tion, but are not as much criticized now (Clemens 139 and 144). Today, the main objection to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the fact that the book contains the word "nigger" more than two hundred times throughout the novel. As recently as last February, the Pennsylvania branch of the NAACP led a charge against Huck Finn to have it removed from required and optional school reading lists. But, when considering the issues involved, one must keep in mind that this book was written in a different time from that which we live in today. There was no such thing as politically correct. The word "nigger" was a word used commonly and unabashedly back then. So, how can we hold a book written over a hundred years ago to the literary standards of today? Huck Finn is not a racist book, in spite of Huck's initial racist standpoint. Through the course of the novel, Huck gains increasingly more respect for Jim, but still shows some racist attitudes occasionally. After the disagreement with Jim over the biblical story of "ole' King Sollermum", Huck remarks that "you can't learn a nigger to argue," thus implying Jim's stupidity (Clemens 65 and 66). Throughout the book, Huck plays tricks on Jim, which are also meant to make Jim feel stupid. Towards

Synthesis of Aspirin Essays

Synthesis of Aspirin Essays Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Essay Topic: Synthesis Sypnopsis In this experiment, acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized from the acidification of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The objective was to convert a specific amount of salicylic acid into the same amount of aspirin that was high in purity. Furthermore, the other objectives were to enable students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce skills or recrystallisation and the technique of melting point determination. The amount of each compound should be the same because there is a 1:1 ratio between them. The purity of the synthesized aspirin was measured by determining its melting point and percent yield. Soluble impurities increase the range over which a compound melts and often decreases its overall melting point temperature1. If the experiment went as expected, a pure sample of aspirin with a high percent yield would have been obtained. The percent yield obtained was 56. 1% and the melting point was 134. 7- 136. 8. Introduction Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a versatile drug that is consumed in huge quantities worldwide. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a wide range of physiological effects. The first discovery of aspirin occurred in England, in 1963, believing that the bark of willow trees with a beneficial effect in alleviating distress due to fevers, aches, and pains2. Salicylic acid was later extracted from the willow bark and it proved to be an active ingredient. Salicylic acid was synthesized from basic starting materials by 1860 which was helpful to the medicinal field but there were some problems2. Salicylic acid turned out to be irritating to the membranes of the throat, mouth, and stomach. The product had a high acidity of the compound but fortunately, successful amendments were done, namely, the replacement of the acidic phenolic hydrogen atom with an acetyl group. In 1893, a effective synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid was created, patented in 1899, commercialized under the trade name of ‘aspirin’ by the Bayer Company in Germany3. The name ‘aspirin’ was invented by the chemist, Felix Hoffman, who originally synthesized acetylsalicylic acid for Bayer3. At very low doses, aspirin is used to treat and prevent heart attacks and blood clots. At higher doses, it is used as an analgesic to reduce pain and as an antipyretic to reduce fever. At very high doses, it is an effective anti-inflammatory agent used to treat rheumatic fever, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also an anticoagulant, it dissolves corns and calluses, and it provokes loss of uric acid (a toxin) but promotes retention of fluids in the kidneys. It kills bacteria and induces peptic ulcers. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. The exact mechanisms of its pharmacological actions are still under study. In many plants, salicylate can induce flowering. However, aspirin may cause side effects for example, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and heartburn. Theory Aspirin is prepared from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with the help of an acid catalyst. Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst. After preparation, the product is purified. This is especially important for chemicals that are used as food additives and pharmaceuticals. The most common method of purifying solid organic compounds is by recrystallization. When an impure solid compound is dissolved in a solvent, it is then allowed to slowly crystallize out as the solution cools. As the compound crystallizes from the solution, the molecules of the other compounds dissolved in solution are excluded from the growing crystal lattice, giving a pure solid. Crystallization of a solid is different from a precipitation of a solid. In crystallization, there is a slow, selective formation of the crystal framework resulting in a pure compound. In precipitation, there is a rapid formation of a solid from a solution that usually produces an formless solid containing many trapped impurities within the solids crystal framework. For this reason, experimental procedures that produce a solid product by precipitation always include a final recrystallization step to give the pure compound. Figure: The esterification of salicylic acid by acetic anhydride5. The -OH group of salicylic acid that reacts with acetic anhydride to form an ester-like product. The carboxylic acid group of salicylic acid remains unchanged. Acetic anhydride is used because it is cheap and forms a by-product, acetic acid. Acetic acid is non corrosive and can be recovered to produce more acetic anhydride. Procedure 2. 4g of salicylic acid was weighed and poured into a 100ml conical flask. The actual weight was then recorded. In the fume hood, 6ml of acetic anhydride was added to the salicylic acid in the flask. To this mixture, 3 to 4 drops of sulphuric acid was added, swirled to mix and then heated in a water bath for 10-15 minutes to complete the reaction. The mixture was removed from the water bath while it was still hot and then 1ml of distilled water was added from a dropper carefully to decompose the excess acetic anhydride. An additional 40ml of cold water was added and stirred with a stirring rod to induce crystallisation. The crude product was collected by suction filtration and washed with a little cold water. The crude product is relatively impure; hence it was needed to be purified by recrystallisation. A solvent suitable for this recrystallization process would be a mixture of ethanol and water. The crude product was dissolved in approximately 5ml of ethanol in a 100ml conical flask and heated on a hot plate. To the solution, 30ml of hot distilled water was added in. The solution was then warmed till all solid has dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool. A clean, dry watch glass together with a filter paper was weighed and the weight was recorded. The recrystallised product was obtained by suction filtration using the weighed filter paper. The crystals and filter paper was transferred onto the weighed watch glass and dried in to the oven (100Â °C) for 15 to 20 minutes. The crystals, filter paper and watch glass are then placed in desiccators for 5 to 10 minutes. The dried crystals, together with the filter paper and watch glass were weighed. The weight was recorded and the weight of dried, recrystallised aspirin was calculated. The expected yield of aspirin was calculated from the amount of salicylic acid used. The percentage yield of dried, recrystallised aspirin was also calculated. The melting point of aspirin was determined. Results Mass of salicylic acid Mass of filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirinMass of dried, recrystallized aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of filter paper and watch glass Percent yield Number of moles of salicylic acid used (mol wt of salicylic acid = 138) Expected number of moles of aspirin Expected mass of aspirin Percent yield Melting point Temperature Range134. 7 – 136. 8 Appearance The crystals are white and shiny, shaped needle-like. The crystals resemble glass wool. Discussion The results and calculations shows how much acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized compared to how much salicylic acid was used. Since there is a 1:1 ratio between the two, then the amount of salicylic acid used should be equal to the amount of acetylsalicylic acid recovered at the end of the experiment. As the result shows, this is not the case, for 1. 83g of acetylsalicylic acid was harvested when 2. 40g of salicylic acid was used. This could have some effect on the purity; for the melting point of the harvested acetylsalicylic acid which is 134. 7 – 136. 8 was not very close to the theoretical melting point. The percentage yield is only 56. 1%. Since the final product was determined not to be very pure, it is highly likely that less than 1. 83g of the product was acetylsalicylic acid. Further analysis of the product will have to be done to determine exactly how pure the product actually was. There were several problems that could have contributed to the low purity or mediocre percent yield. When dissolving the initial amount of salicylic acid in the solution of acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid, it did not completely dissolve into the solution, even when it was heated. There could also be loss of product on the filter paper. Some crystals would be stuck onto the filter paper and this might have affected the mass of the crystals. The sample may not have been completely dried out before weighing. This could have a slight impact on the results of the overall yield of aspirin because it was possible that not all of the salicylic acid was synthesized. To determine if this affected the synthesis of aspirin at all, the experiment should have been ran a second time to see if the same thing occurred. Conclusion The experiment did not go completely as expected. The reaction yielded only 56. 1% of its expected product. The purity of the aspirin was not very high, because there might be impurities in the acid used. Reference 1. Henry, Dr. Geneive. 2004. Susquehanna University. Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). 2. The history of Aspirin, accessed 25th May 2009, 3. History of Aspirin, viewed on 13th Dec 2010, ; http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blaspirin. htm; 4. Theory, accessed 15th Dec 2010, 5. Dr. Carman. 2002. University of Nevada, accessed, 15 Dec 2010, ; http://tooldoc. wncc. nevada. edu/aspirin. htm; 6. Synthesis of Aspirin, accessed 13th Dec 2010, 7. Aspirin, accessed 14th Dec 2010,